如果講電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感三大元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)是(shi)我們最(zui)常見的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)的話,而二極(ji)管(guan)則是(shi)我們見到最(zui)多的半導體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)。為(wei)什么說二極(ji)管(guan)不同(tong)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感而被稱為(wei)半導體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)那(nei)?這是(shi)因為(wei)二極(ji)管(guan)是(shi)利用(yong)半導體材料(liao)根據其電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷(he)有P極(ji)流向(xiang)N極(ji)的特性(xing)而制(zhi)成(cheng)的,故被稱為(wei)半導體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)。比它功能更強大的三極(ji)管(guan)、MOS管(guan)等元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)也是(shi)半導體電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)。
二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)有(you)兩個管(guan)腳,一個是正極(ji)(ji)(ji)一個是負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji),它最(zui)大的特性是單(dan)向導電性,既(ji)電荷只能由正極(ji)(ji)(ji)流(liu)(liu)向負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)。二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)主要的參數有(you)額定電流(liu)(liu)、額定電壓(ya)、結電壓(ya)等(deng),選用時應根(gen)據(ju)實際要求加(jia)以甄別選用。二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)種類很(hen)多功能各異,常見的有(you)整流(liu)(liu)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan),穩壓(ya)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan),發(fa)光二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)等(deng)。
整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)是用(yong)來將AC變(bian)(bian)為DC的(de),在單相(xiang)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)當中(zhong)根(gen)據所(suo)用(yong)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)數(shu)量分(fen)為:采用(yong)單只二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)半(ban)波(bo)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu);利用(yong)變(bian)(bian)壓器抽(chou)頭加兩只二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)的(de)全(quan)波(bo)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu);以及利用(yong)四只二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)構成的(de)橋(qiao)式整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。三(san)相(xiang)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)分(fen)為半(ban)波(bo)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)和三(san)相(xiang)全(quan)橋(qiao)式整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。這(zhe)些電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)相(xiang)關知識在一般電(dian)(dian)子技術(shu)教材(cai)當中(zhong)均(jun)有(you)講解,詳情請參考相(xiang)關資(zi)料。我們在工作當中(zhong)常(chang)見整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)應用(yong)的(de)地方(fang)有(you)各種電(dian)(dian)子設備初級(ji)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)側,真空(kong)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)接(jie)觸器吸合線圈前面(mian)的(de)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)等。我們常(chang)見的(de)整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)多為黑色塑封的(de)1.5A的(de)1N4700--1N4707系列(lie)。整(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)二(er)極(ji)(ji)管(guan)一般在其表面(mian)用(yong)一圈銀環來指示(shi)負極(ji)(ji)所(suo)在。
穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管常(chang)用(yong)在(zai)對(dui)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值有一定要求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)當中。穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管是(shi)利用(yong)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管反(fan)向(xiang)擊穿特性而制作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)元件(jian),其在(zai)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)當中最(zui)應(ying)該注意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一點(dian)既穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管要反(fan)向(xiang)使用(yong),也就是(shi)要將穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)接電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),其正極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)接電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji),這一點(dian)要牢記(ji)。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管有1N4728--1N4769系列,其穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)范圍3.3v--100v。但由于穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸出電(dian)(dian)流(liu)值不大,故常(chang)用(yong)在(zai)工(gong)作電(dian)(dian)流(liu)較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線(xian)(xian)路(lu)當中。此(ci)外(wai)利用(yong)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)管的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)(wen)壓(ya)(ya)特性在(zai)有關電(dian)(dian)子線(xian)(xian)路(lu)當中,它還(huan)被賦予限幅、電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)采用(yong)比較的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。
發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)是(shi)我(wo)們在工作指示(shi)(shi)和日(ri)常照明當中常接觸到的(de)(de)(de)元件,我(wo)們一般采用(yong)(yong)其英文縮寫(xie)LED來代指它。由(you)于(yu)現(xian)在大功率發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)不斷涌現(xian),原有普(pu)亮(liang)(liang)、超(chao)亮(liang)(liang)、甚亮(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)分類方法(fa)已很難適用(yong)(yong)。發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)工作電(dian)壓一般為2.5--4.5v左右(you),在高于(yu)其工作電(dian)壓的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)路中要(yao)串入合適的(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)壓電(dian)阻(zu)才(cai)能保障發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常工作。發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)級管(guan)(guan)同樣(yang)是(shi)有極(ji)(ji)(ji)性的(de)(de)(de)元件,一般帽式(shi)發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)管(guan)(guan)腳較長的(de)(de)(de)一端(duan)為正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji),大功率片(pian)狀發(fa)光(guang)(guang)(guang)二(er)(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)一般都會在元件焊接處給予極(ji)(ji)(ji)性符號標(biao)示(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de),使用(yong)(yong)或更(geng)換時(shi)要(yao)注意。
此(ci)外二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)家族當中還有檢波二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)、開關(guan)二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)、激光二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)、變(bian)容二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)等(deng)許多(duo)種類的二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)。大家在使用和檢修時應仔細(xi)閱讀其參數(shu)說(shuo)明(ming)書。總之,認識(shi)和掌握二(er)極(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)(guan)這種最基礎(chu)的半(ban)導(dao)體元(yuan)件(jian),是(shi)我們學(xue)習電子知識(shi)的必經之路。
